Publikationen

In comparison of a Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass with a Pt(111) single crystal we find that wearless friction is determined by chemistry through bond formation alloying, while wear is determined by structure through plasticity mechanisms. In the wearless regime, friction is affected by the chemical composition of the counter body and involves the formation of a liquid-like neck and interfacial alloying. The wear behavior of Pt-based metallic surfaces is determined by their structural properties and corresponding mechanisms for plastic deformation. In the case of Pt(111) wear occurs by dislocation-mediated homogeneous plastic deformation. In contrast the wear of Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass occurs through localized plastic deformation in shear bands that merge together in a single shear zone above a critical load and corresponds to the shear softening of metallic glasses. These results open a new route in the control of friction and wear of metals and are relevant for the development of self-lubricated and wear-resistant mechanical devices.

We present an algorithm for reconstructing a sample surface potential from its Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) image. The measured KPFM image is a weighted average of the surface potential underneath the tip apex due to the long-range electrostatic forces. We model the KPFM measurement by a linear shift-invariant system where the impulse response is the point spread function (PSF). By calculating the PSF of the KPFM probe (tip+cantilever) and using the measured noise statistics, we deconvolve the measured KPFM image to obtain the surface potential of the sample.The reconstruction algorithm is applied to measurements of CdS-PbS nanorods measured in amplitude modulation KPFM (AM-KPFM) and to graphene layers measured in frequency modulation KPFM (FM-KPFM). We show that in the AM-KPFM measurements the averaging effect is substantial, whereas in the FM-KPFM measurements the averaging effect is negligible.

Friction on Au(100) surfaces has been studied by atomic force microscopy under electrochemical control. Atomic-scale stick-slip pattern in the lateral force signal reveal changes in the surface structure upon changing electrochemical potential, in particular between the hexagonal reconstruction and the Au(100)-(1 × 1) structure. Friction on Au(100) is higher on its (1 × 1) structure than on its hexagonal reconstruction. The frictional response after switching between the two structures is delayed due to the necessary surface reorganization. Atomic periodicity in the stick-slip pattern indicates that the increased friction on Au(100)-(1 × 1) is not caused by an ordered anion adlayer, but by the open structure of the (100) surface. Friction is highest on the oxidized surface, and can be switched reversibly between high and low values on the oxidized and the reduced surface.

Single asperity measurements on Si wafers with variable SiO2 layer thickness, yet identical roughness, revealed the influence of van der Waals (vdW) interactions on friction: on thin (1 nm) SiO2 layers, higher friction and jump-off forces were observed as compared to thick (150 nm) SiO2 layers. The vdW interactions were additionally controlled by a set of silanized Si wafers, exhibiting the same trend. The experimental results demonstrate the influence of the subsurface material and are quantitatively described by combining calculations of interactions of the involved materials and the Derjaguin-Müller-Toporov model.

α-Cyclodextrin (αCD) was threaded onto 10 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), which was then stoppered with bulky end groups (4-methoxynaphthyl or 9-anthracenylmethyl) to give polyrotaxanes containing about 38 αCD rings threaded onto a PEG backbone. The polyrotaxanes were converted into soluble macroinitiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by esterifying the hydroxyl groups of the threaded αCDs with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to a degree of substitution (DS) of 8 per αCD. Living ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) from these polyrotaxane macroinitiators led to polymer brushes with molecular weights of up to 1.7 MDa. Polymer brushes were observed by atomic force microscopy. Surprisingly, large amounts of unthreaded αCD star polymer were observed by GPC. The appearance of these unthreaded αCD star polymers was attributed to the shear-induced rupture of the PEG backbone during passage of the brush through the GPC column. Backbone rupture also occurred upon heating the brushes to elevated temperatures. Proof of the bottle-brush structure was further provided without backbone rupture using diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy.

Sliding friction experiments on graphene grown on SiC(0001) have been performed using a combination of a microtribometer with an atomic force microscope (AFM) allowing for the investigation of atomic-scale wear. The graphene layer delaminates within 10 sliding cycles starting from substrate step edges. After run in, friction is dominated by the interaction between a changing configuration of asperities at the probe sphere and a graphitic interface layer terminating the SiC substrate. Friction varies unpredictably due to changes in the contact configuration. However, the linear relation between friction and contact area can be confirmed and a shear strength as low as a few MPa is found for the contact between ruby and the graphitic layer on SiC, which remains intact under continuous sliding.

In the present study a procedure to characterize the finite viscoelasticity and to simultaneously identify the influence of adhesion in nanoindentation experiments of soft polymers is developed. Silicone rubber, which is assumed to be an isotropic elastomer, is chosen to be examined. Different nanoindentation testing protocols are used to visualize and proof the viscoelastic properties and the adhesion behavior of a soft silicone rubber in contact with a Berkovich tip. It could be shown that the analytical solution of linear viscoelastic indentation has some limitations in order to predict the experimental data that contains finite viscoelasticity as well as adhesion effects. The inverse method is applied by using the finite element computation combined with a numerical optimization subroutine. A viscoelastic model at finite strain is chosen to represent the silicone rubber’s behavior. The default contact pressure-clearance relationship used in ABAQUS® is modified; a surface-based adhesive behavior in traction-separation law is incorporated into the contact pairs. The real geometry of the Berkovich tip is considered in order to minimize the systematic errors between the numerical model and the experiments. Finally, the parameters of the chosen viscoelastic constitutive model and the adhesive contact model are identified by matching the response of the numerical model with the experimental force-displacement curves. The present model contains the surface adhesion and is verified to show better reproducibility regarding the experiments than the analytical solution. There are several drawbacks of the analytical solution that are also presented in this work.

The basic dislocation processes responsible for plasticity of fcc and bcc metals are fundamentally different. Dislocation based deformation in fcc metals is not very sensitive to temperature whereas in bcc metals, deformation is strongly temperature dependent and controlled by the low mobility of screw dislocations. In bcc metals it has been observed that the mobility of screw dislocations can be enhanced in the proximity of the sample surface. In order to investigate this effect, a comparative study of small scaled samples with high surface to volume ratios and selected geometries was performed. The systems that were tested were made of the bcc metals Ta, Mo and Fe. Cu served as a reference material for fcc metals. Microcompression experiments were carried out on focused ion beam (FIB) machined samples. In the FIB machining process, the surfaces of cuboidal pillars were oriented relative to the expected active slip systems. For Ta and Mo the flow stress depended on the orientation of the pillar. This observation is interpreted in terms of the surface enhanced screw dislocation mobility of bcc metals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate increasing crystalline structure in polyetheretherketone (PEEK) via resistive heating. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were thoroughly mixed with PEEK powder, hot-pressed into a solid composite, then immediately quenched in ice water. Duplicate specimens were then reheated at 300 °C. 'Quenched' and 'heat treated' samples represented comparative minimum and maximum volume fraction crystallinity used in this study, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis, electrical conductivity measurements, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and resistive heating tests were performed to characterize the composite properties as a function of MWCNT volume fraction. Results showed dispersion within the PEEK matrix is inherently limited by the powder-press technique. Nonetheless, MWCNT volume fractions as low as 1 vol% are above the percolation threshold and 5 vol% allow PEEK to be resistively heated above the glass transition temperature. DSC results of the quenched and reheated samples indicate that the MWCNTs do not inherently inhibit crystalline formation. Reheating the quenched samples via resistive heating is shown to increase the crystalline volume fraction. This study is the first to show an amorphous to crystalline phase transformation of PEEK via resistive heating, opening the possibility of changing mechanical properties and/or elastic deformation range in situ.

Micro-compression tests were performed on pre-strained nickel (Ni) single crystals in order to investigate the influence of the initial dislocation arrangement on the size dependence of small-scale metal structures. A bulk Ni sample was grown using the Czochralski method and sectioned into four compression samples, which were then pre-strained to nominal strains of 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Bulk samples were then characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-Laue diffraction, and electron backscatter diffraction. TEM results show that a dislocation cell structure was present for all deformed samples, and Laue diffraction demonstrated that the internal strain increased with increased amount of pre-straining. Small-scale pillars with diameters from 200 nm to 5 μm were focused ion beam (FIB) machined from each of the four deformed bulk samples and further compressed via a nanoindenter equipped with a flat diamond punch. Results demonstrate that bulk pre-straining inhibits the sample size effect. For heavily pre-strained bulk samples, the deformation history does not affect the stress-strain behavior, as the pillars demonstrated elevated strength and rather low strain hardening over the whole investigated size range. In situ TEM and micro-Laue diffraction measurements of pillars confirmed little change in dislocation density during pillar compression. Thus, the dislocation cell walls created by heavy bulk pre-straining become the relevant internal material structure controlling the mechanical properties, dominating the sample size effect observed in the low dislocation density regime.