Scientific publications

Composite bearings are normally produced with a layer of sintered bronze between the polymer coating and the metallic substrate, but omitting the extra bronze layer would reduce cost and manufacturing complexity. In this work, thermal impact welded metal-polymer composite specimen without sintered bronze layer are shaped to U-half shells to test them in a tribological test set up that is similar to the situation in a bearing. Wear rates and friction coefficient are measured for different pressure and velocity combinations. The effects of the shaping and their influence on wear behavior are examined by surface analysis, e.g., with SEM. Beside those shaping effects the heat balance is a very important influencing parameter on friction and wear behavior.

In this paper, we report the synthesis of one-dimensional zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures and the impact of their morphology on oxygen gas sensing properties. The nanostructures were synthesised via chemical vapour deposition using direct oxidation in an electrical furnace. Structural characterisation of the samples was performed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The SEM images revealed the formation of different sized nanowires, nanorods and nanoflower structures, and the XRD pattern showed hexagonal structures, without any impurities. The gas sensing properties of samples grown on silicon and alumina substrates were measured in different conditions. The samples grown on the alumina substrate showed better gas sensing properties than those grown on the silicon. To determine the optimal sensitivity, the oxygen gas sensing properties of the ZnO nanostructures were measured at different temperatures and gas flows. These nanostructural gas sensors showed high sensitivity at temperatures close to ambient. The effect of the morphology of ZnO nanostructures on their oxygen sensing properties was compared. Between the different synthesised nanostructures, ZnO nanowires exhibited the highest gas sensitivity.

In this paper, we studied the effects of the aluminium dopant concentration on the optical and electrical properties of aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films grown on soda-glass substrates by a simple chemical method. The amount of aluminium in the compound was varied from 0 to 5 atomic percent (at.%), and the typical thickness of the films produced was about 300 nm. The thin films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to investigate the morphology and crystallinity of the samples. The optical properties of the thin films were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy to determinate absorption, transmittance, and the diffuse reflectance. In addition, the photoluminescence properties of the thin films, excited with a 320 nm UV laser beam, were investigated. The effects of the aluminium concentration on these optical properties are discussed. The films with 2 and 5 % doping had excellent optical transmittance (~85-90 %) in the 400-1100 nm wavelength range. The photoluminescence spectra of the AZO films revealed UV near band edge emission peaks in the 378-401 nm range and an oxygen-vacancy related peak around 471 nm. The addition of aluminium changed the band gap of zinc oxide from 3.29 to 3.41 eV, and the appearance of a new level was observed in the band gap at the higher aluminium doping concentrations. The AZO thin films showed good conductivity (in the order of 10-2 Ω cm) which allows their use as transparent electrodes. Moreover, the AZO thin films were stable in open air for 30 days.

The stability of nanoparticle suspensions and the details of their agglomeration depend on the interactions between particles. We study this relationship in gold nanoparticles stabilized with different alkyl thiols in heptane. Temperature-dependent interactions were inferred from small-angle x-ray scattering, agglomeration kinetics from dynamic light scattering, and agglomerate morphologies from transmission electron microscopy. We find that the particles precipitate at temperatures below the melting temperatures of the dry ligands. Agglomerates grow with rates that depend on the temperature: Around precipitation temperature, globular agglomerates form slowly, while at lower temperatures, fibrilar agglomerates form rapidly. All agglomerates contain random dense packings rather than crystalline superlattices. We conclude that ligand-ligand and ligand-solvent interactions of the individual particles dominate suspension stability and agglomeration kinetics. The microscopic packing is dominated by interactions between the ligands of different nanoparticles.

We describe the self-assembly of silver nanocubes (AgNC) into dense bowl-shaped arrays using a template made from polystyrene nanospheres (PSNS). Interestingly, we found that most AgNCs were arranged facet-to-facet. When used as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), we observed that the SERS hot spot positions were located at the corners of the cubes. This was confirmed using the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-dodecanethiol (DDT) covering the cubes' facet surface, whilst the pinholes in the DDT SAM at the corners were subsequently filled with 2-mercaptopyridine (MPy). Due to the high enhancement from the densely arranged AgNCs, single molecule detection was achieved from this SERS substrate and evidenced using the bi-analyte Raman technique.

This Feature Article discusses two biomimetic aspects of functional particle surface assembly: the fabrication of biologically inspired structures from particles and the arrangement of particles on biomimetic templates. The first part discusses the creation of primary patterns by convective assembly and adsorption of particles that can be modified by a combination of etching and growth steps. Resulting structures mimic moth eyes, Lotus leaves, and the Gecko's adhesive structures, for example. The second part focusses on template assisted self-assembly (TASA) of particles. Herein, biological examples are inspiring in terms of structure formation related processes, rather than in terms of functionality. Template formation is a major bottleneck TASA. It is illustrated how bio-inspired wrinkling processes help overcoming this problem and can be employed for forming highly ordered functional nanoparticle assemblies.

Prokaryotic transcriptional regulatory elements are widely utilized building blocks for constructing regulatory genetic circuits adapted for mammalian cells and have found their way into a broad range of biotechnological applications. Prokaryotic transcriptional repressors, fused to eukaryotic transactivation or repression domains, compose the transcription factor, which binds and adjusts transcription from chimeric promoters containing the repressor-specific operator sequence. Escherichia coli and Chlamydia trachomatis share common features in the regulatory mechanism of the biosynthesis of l-tryptophan. The repressor protein TrpR of C. trachomatis regulates the trpRBA operon and the TrpR of E. coli regulates the trpEDCBA operon, both requiring l-tryptophan as a co-repressor. Fusion of these bacterial repressors to the VP16 transactivation domain of Herpes simplex virus creates synthetic transactivators that could bind and activate chimeric promoters, assembled by placing repressor-specific operator modules adjacent to a minimal promoter, in an l-tryptophan-adjustable manner. Combinations of different transactivator and promoter variants from the same or different bacterial species resulted in a multitude of regulatory systems where l-tryptophan regulation properties, background noise, and maximal gene expression levels were significantly diverse. Different l-tryptophan analogues showed diverse regulatory capacity depending on the promoter/transactivator combination. We believe the systems approach to rationally choose promoters, transactivators and inducer molecules, to obtain desired and predefined genetic expression dynamics and control profiles, will significantly advance the design of new regulatory circuits as well as improving already existing ones. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Functional biomaterials that detect and correct pathological parameters hold high promises for biomedical application. In this study we describe a biohybrid hydrogel that detects elevated concentrations of uric acid and responds by dissolution and the release of uric acid-degrading urate oxidase. This material was synthesized by incorporating PEG-stabilized urate oxidase into a polyacrylamide hydrogel that was crosslinked by the uric acid-sensitive interaction between the uric acid transcription factor HucR and its operator hucO. We characterize the uric acid responsiveness of the material and demonstrate that it can effectively be applied to counteract flares of uric acid in a mouse model. This approach might be a first step towards a biomedical device autonomously managing uric acid burst associated to gouty arthritis and the tumor lysis syndrome. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hydrogels provide a highly favorable matrix for immobilizing growth factors, enzymes or cells for biomedical applications like tissue engineering, drug delivery or the treatment of metabolic diseases. In this study we describe the synthesis and characterization of a hydrogel able to degrade l-ornithine, a metabolite that is highly elevated in congenital hyperornithinemia. The hydrogel was synthesized by embedding the l-ornithine-degrading enzymes l-ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and l-ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) into a polymer network. The network was formed from linear polyacrylamide crosslinked by heterodimers of ODC and ornithine decarboxylase antizyme (OAz). The resulting hydrogel was shown to be stable under physiological conditions and to efficiently degrade l-ornithine. The hydrogel-stabilizing ODC-OAz interactions could subsequently be dissociated by the addition of antizyme inhibitor (AzI) which resulted in the inducible dissolution of the hydrogel. This l-ornithine-degrading hydrogel that can efficiently be eliminated when its functionality is no longer required might represent a first step towards an enzyme substitution approach against hyperornithinemia. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.